Understanding traffic congestion from stakeholders' perceptions in the central area of Lahore, Pakistan

Congestion on roads results in infrastructural deficiencies including massive delays, greater fatalities, and enhanced mental stresses, reduced transit efficiency, increased travel costs. Traffic is a major problem specifically the central area of Lahore city. This study aimed at understanding traffic congestion from stakeholders' perspective suggesting mitigation measures. A sample 365 respondents was included through administration questionnaire survey to record explanatory variables. For this purpose, random cluster sampling method employed select (135 pedestrians, 107 shopkeepers, 116 motorists). In-depth interviews were conducted with 7 individuals Engineering Planning Agency (TEPA) Department Transportation Management (DTEM), about their perceptions management The are described form statistics data, qualitatively quantitatively. has shown that illegal parking roadside, bad attitude motorists shop keepers, encroachments running business streets primary reasons for congestion. These congestions hindering efficient movements flow entities causing stresses local residents. findings endorse strict enforcement laws, provision adequate spaces, overhead pedestrian bridges, education rules among masses could help manage